Category: News

 

Aims: To study aetiologies of in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCAs) and their association with 30-day survival.

Methods and results: Observational study with data from national registries. Specific aetiologies (n = 22) of IHCA patients between April 2018 and December 2020 were categorized into cardiac vs. non-cardiac and six main aetiology categories: myocardial ischemia, other cardiac causes, pulmonary causes, infection, haemorrhage, and other non-cardiac causes. Main endpoints were proportions in each aetiology, 30-day survival, and favorable neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category scale 1-2) at discharge. Among, 4320 included IHCA patients (median age 74 years, 63.1% were men), approximate 50% had cardiac causes with a 30-day survival of 48.4% compared to 18.7% among non-cardiac causes (P < 0.001). The proportion in each category were: myocardial ischemia 29.9%, pulmonary 21.4%, other cardiac causes 19.6%, other non-cardiac causes 11.6%, infection 9%, and haemorrhage 8.5%. The odds ratio (OR) for 30-day survival compared to myocardial ischemia for each category were: other cardiac causes OR 1.48 (CI 1.24-1.76); pulmonary causes OR 0.36 (CI 0.3-0.44); infection OR 0.25 (CI 0.18-0.33); haemorrhage OR 0.22 (CI 0.16-0.3); and other non-cardiac causes OR 0.56 (CI 0.45-0.69). IHCA caused by myocardial ischemia had the best favorable neurological outcome while those caused by infection had the lowest OR 0.06 (CI 0.03-0.13).

Conclusion: In this nationwide observational study, aetiologies with cardiac and non-cardiac causes of IHCA were evenly distributed. IHCA caused by myocardial ischemia and other cardiac causes had the strongest associations with 30-day survival and neurological outcome.

Out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes can be improved by strengthening the chain of survival, namely prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED). However, provision of bystander CPR and AED use remains low due to individual patient factors ranging from lack of education to socioeconomic barriers and due to lack of resources such as limited availability of AEDs in the community. Although the impact of health inequalities on survival from OHCA is documented, it is imperative that we identify and implement strategies to improve public health and outcomes from OHCA overall but with a simultaneous emphasis on making care more equitable. Disparities in CPR delivery and AED use in OHCA exist based on factors including sex, education level, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, all of which we discuss in this review. Most importantly, we discuss the barriers to AED use, and strategies on how these may be overcome.

The integration of wearable sensor technology and machine learning algorithms has significantly transformed the field of intelligent medical rehabilitation. These innovative technologies enable the collection of valuable movement, muscle, or nerve data during the rehabilitation process, empowering medical professionals to evaluate patient recovery and predict disease development more efficiently. This systematic review aims to study the application of wearable sensor technology and machine learning algorithms in different disease rehabilitation training programs, obtain the best sensors and algorithms that meet different disease rehabilitation conditions, and provide ideas for future research and development. A total of 1490 studies were retrieved from two databases, the Web of Science and IEEE Xplore, and finally 32 articles were selected. In this review, the selected papers employ different wearable sensors and machine learning algorithms to address different disease rehabilitation problems. Our analysis focuses on the types of wearable sensors employed, the application of machine learning algorithms, and the approach to rehabilitation training for different medical conditions. It summarizes the usage of different sensors and compares different machine learning algorithms. It can be observed that the combination of these two technologies can optimize the disease rehabilitation process and provide more possibilities for future home rehabilitation scenarios. Finally, the present limitations and suggestions for future developments are presented in the study.

With the innovation of wearable technology and the rapid development of biosensors, wearable biosensors based on flexible textile materials have become a hot topic. Such textile-based wearable biosensors promote the development of health monitoring, motion detection and medical management, and they have become an important support tool for human healthcare monitoring. Textile-based wearable biosensors not only non-invasively monitor various physiological indicators of the human body in real time, but they also provide accurate feedback of individual health information. This review examines the recent research progress of fabric-based wearable biosensors. Moreover, materials, detection principles and fabrication methods for textile-based wearable biosensors are introduced. In addition, the applications of biosensors in monitoring vital signs and detecting body fluids are also presented. Finally, we also discuss several challenges faced by textile-based wearable biosensors and the direction of future development.

Background: The smartphone application to activate a community first responder (my Responder) was launched in 2015 to activate volunteer first responders for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) patients in Singapore. This study aimed to investigate the impact of my Responder on provision of bystander CPR, bystander AED, and patient survival outcomes.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis using the Singapore Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study between 2016 and 2019 that included adult non-traumatic OHCA patients. Patients were categorized into my Responder activated and non-activated groups. The primary outcomes were bystander CPR and bystander AED. The secondary outcome was survival at 30-days with favorable neurological outcomes (cerebral performance category 1-2). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed and we reported adjusted odds ratio [aOR] and 95% confidence interval for the effect of activation.

Results: 9,167 patients were included in this analysis. The median (Interquartile range, IQR) age was 71 (59-82) years. The activated group comprised 5,499 (60%) of cases. The activated group was associated with higher bystander CPR (aOR [95%CI]: 5.69 [4.89-6.62]) and bystander AED (aOR [95% CI]: 2.23 [1.82-2.74]) compared to non-activated group. The activated group was associated with better survival at 30 days with favorable neurological outcomes (aOR [95% CI]: 1.54 [1.11-2.15]).

Conclusion: They found that the implementation of technology-activated first responders was associated with an improvement in the performance of bystander CPR, bystander AED application, and OHCA outcomes in an urban area. Further efforts should be made to promote the use of activated first responders in EMS systems.

 

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in wearable biosensors, emphasizing their applications in cardiovascular disease monitoring. Initially, the key sensing signals and biomarkers crucial for cardiovascular health, such as electrocardiogram, phonocardiography, pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, and specific biomarkers, are highlighted. Following this, advanced sensing techniques for cardiovascular disease monitoring are examined, including wearable electrophysiology devices, optical fibers, electrochemical sensors, and implantable cardiac devices. The review also delves into hydrogel-based wearable electrochemical biosensors, which detect biomarkers in sweat, interstitial fluids, saliva, and tears. Further attention is given to flexible electronics-based biosensors, including resistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric force sensors, as well as resistive and pyroelectric temperature sensors, flexible biochemical sensors, and sensor arrays. Moreover, the discussion extends to polymer-based wearable sensors, focusing on innovations in contact lens, textile-type, patch-type, and tattoo-type sensors. Finally, the review addresses the challenges associated with recent wearable biosensing technologies and explores future perspectives, highlighting potential groundbreaking avenues for transforming wearable sensing devices into advanced diagnostic tools with multifunctional capabilities for cardiovascular disease monitoring and other healthcare applications.

Background: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation of a shockable rhythm improve survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Little data exists on bystander participation during genuine cardiac arrest calls.

Method: This was a prospective audit of bystander participation during OHCA calls to a single ambulance service in the United Kingdom. A convenience sample of consecutive OHCA calls from March 2022 until April 2023, where an adult cardiac arrest was confirmed and CPR was advised, was audited by a call handler. Cases with a valid do not attempt CPR decision were excluded. Data on key time intervals and bystander participation were extracted and analysed in R (v4.2).

Results: In total, 451 cases were analysed. Median time until cardiac arrest recognition was 42 s (IQR 94.7 s) and until the initiation of CPR was 161 s (IQR 124 s). A lone bystander was present in 162 (35.9%) cases, two bystanders in 149 (33.0%) cases, and three or more bystanders in 140 (31.0%) cases. CPR was attempted by a bystander in 382 (84.7%) cases. Physical inability, refusal, and inability to correctly position patient were common reasons for not performing CPR. A defibrillator was retrieved before the arrival of emergency medical services in 36 (8%) cases and a shock was administered in 9 (2%) cases, while a shock was not advised in 20 (4%) further cases.

Conclusion: Cardiac arrest was identified rapidly but there was a delay to initiation of CPR. A lone bystander was present in over one third of cases, eliminating the possibility of bystander defibrillation in the absence of a lay first responder.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurs in nearly 350,000 people each year in the United States (US). Despite advances in pre and in-hospital care, OHCA survival remains low and is highly variable across systems and regions. The critical barrier to improving cardiac arrest outcomes is not a lack of knowledge about effective interventions, but rather the widespread lack of systems of care to deliver interventions known to be successful. The Randomized Cluster Evaluation of Cardiac Arrest Systems (RACE-CARS) trial is a 7-year pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial of 62 counties (57 clusters) in North Carolina using an established registry and is testing whether implementation of a customized set of strategically targeted community-based interventions improves survival to hospital discharge with good neurologic function in OHCA relative to control/standard care. The multifaceted intervention comprises rapid cardiac arrest recognition and systematic bystander CPR instructions by 9-1-1 telecommunicators, comprehensive community CPR training and enhanced early automated external defibrillator (AED) use prior to emergency medical systems (EMS) arrival. Approximately 20,000 patients are expected to be enrolled in the RACE CARS Trial over 4 years of the assessment period. The primary endpoint is survival to hospital discharge with good neurologic outcome defined as a cerebral performance category (CPC) of 1 or 2. Secondary outcomes include the rate of bystander CPR, defibrillation prior to arrival of EMS, and quality of life. They aim to identify successful community- and systems-based strategies to improve outcomes of OHCA using a cluster randomized-controlled trial design that aims to provide a high level of evidence for future application.

Objectives: Project ADAM (Automated Defibrillators in Adam’s Memory) is a national collaborative to improve outcomes for out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. Given Project ADAM’s expansion, we sought to identify effective methods to partner with community leaders and understand barriers to engagement. Our aim was to establish effective practices to guide affiliates and optimize site operations and partnerships.

Methods: We conducted a survey of all Project ADAM sites in 2020. Medical Directors and Program Coordinators were included for generalizability. The survey consisted of 20 questions covering the domains of communication, goals for partner organizations, partnership barriers, staff time commitments, and Project ADAM program needs.

Results: Thirty-one members responded: 14 Medical Directors and 17 Program Coordinators. E-mail was the predominant method to initiate (58%) and maintain (87%) contact with partner organizations, though telephone (21%) and in-person visits (14%) were common for initiating contact. Presentations at school board, Emergency Medical Services, and athletic director meetings and student/family testimonials were powerful engagement tools. Barriers to partnership varied, revolving around limited school budgets, overburdened staff, and Covid-19. Limited time, difficulty coordinating schedules, and lack of dedicated resources were common challenges for Project ADAM sites. Only 36% of Medical Directors receive institutional recognition of Project ADAM effort.

Conclusions: Project ADAM’s partnership with community stakeholders creates unique opportunities and challenges. Optimal communication methods should be identified early for each school, with regular interaction for long-term success. Institutional recognition of Project ADAM efforts may boost success. Additionally, the Covid-19 pandemic created numerous challenges and may spur operational changes.